Merge branch 'ollama:main' into main

2025-12-22 06:43:57 +00:00 · 2024-05-08 14:41:49 +08:00
parent 4bd9b97d7b 88cf154483
commit bb22295d43
34 changed files with 1107 additions and 737 deletions
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -258,6 +258,7 @@ See the [API documentation](./docs/api.md) for all endpoints.

 - [Open WebUI](https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui)
 - [Enchanted (macOS native)](https://github.com/AugustDev/enchanted)
+- [Hollama](https://github.com/fmaclen/hollama)
 - [Lollms-Webui](https://github.com/ParisNeo/lollms-webui)
 - [LibreChat](https://github.com/danny-avila/LibreChat)
 - [Bionic GPT](https://github.com/bionic-gpt/bionic-gpt)
@@ -297,6 +298,7 @@ See the [API documentation](./docs/api.md) for all endpoints.
 - [Lobe Chat](https://github.com/lobehub/lobe-chat) with [Integrating Doc](https://lobehub.com/docs/self-hosting/examples/ollama)
 - [Ollama RAG Chatbot](https://github.com/datvodinh/rag-chatbot.git) (Local Chat with multiple PDFs using Ollama and RAG)
 - [BrainSoup](https://www.nurgo-software.com/products/brainsoup) (Flexible native client with RAG & multi-agent automation)
+- [macai](https://github.com/Renset/macai) (macOS client for Ollama, ChatGPT, and other compatible API back-ends)

 ### Terminal

@@ -350,6 +352,7 @@ See the [API documentation](./docs/api.md) for all endpoints.
 - [Haystack](https://github.com/deepset-ai/haystack-integrations/blob/main/integrations/ollama.md)
 - [Elixir LangChain](https://github.com/brainlid/langchain)
 - [Ollama for R - rollama](https://github.com/JBGruber/rollama)
+- [Ollama for R - ollama-r](https://github.com/hauselin/ollama-r)
 - [Ollama-ex for Elixir](https://github.com/lebrunel/ollama-ex)
 - [Ollama Connector for SAP ABAP](https://github.com/b-tocs/abap_btocs_ollama)
 - [Testcontainers](https://testcontainers.com/modules/ollama/)
--- a/api/client.go
+++ b/api/client.go
@@ -1,9 +1,16 @@
 // Package api implements the client-side API for code wishing to interact
 // with the ollama service. The methods of the [Client] type correspond to
-// the ollama REST API as described in https://github.com/ollama/ollama/blob/main/docs/api.md
-//
+// the ollama REST API as described in [the API documentation].
 // The ollama command-line client itself uses this package to interact with
 // the backend service.
+//
+// # Examples
+//
+// Several examples of using this package are available [in the GitHub
+// repository].
+//
+// [the API documentation]: https://github.com/ollama/ollama/blob/main/docs/api.md
+// [in the GitHub repository]: https://github.com/ollama/ollama/tree/main/examples
 package api

 import (
@@ -299,8 +306,14 @@ func (c *Client) Pull(ctx context.Context, req *PullRequest, fn PullProgressFunc
 	})
 }

+// PushProgressFunc is a function that [Client.Push] invokes when progress is
+// made.
+// It's similar to other progress function types like [PullProgressFunc].
 type PushProgressFunc func(ProgressResponse) error

+// Push uploads a model to the model library; requires registering for ollama.ai
+// and adding a public key first. fn is called each time progress is made on
+// the request and can be used to display a progress bar, etc.
 func (c *Client) Push(ctx context.Context, req *PushRequest, fn PushProgressFunc) error {
 	return c.stream(ctx, http.MethodPost, "/api/push", req, func(bts []byte) error {
 		var resp ProgressResponse
@@ -312,8 +325,15 @@ func (c *Client) Push(ctx context.Context, req *PushRequest, fn PushProgressFunc
 	})
 }

+// CreateProgressFunc is a function that [Client.Create] invokes when progress
+// is made.
+// It's similar to other progress function types like [PullProgressFunc].
 type CreateProgressFunc func(ProgressResponse) error

+// Create creates a model from a [Modelfile]. fn is a progress function that
+// behaves similarly to other methods (see [Client.Pull]).
+//
+// [Modelfile]: https://github.com/ollama/ollama/blob/main/docs/modelfile.md
 func (c *Client) Create(ctx context.Context, req *CreateRequest, fn CreateProgressFunc) error {
 	return c.stream(ctx, http.MethodPost, "/api/create", req, func(bts []byte) error {
 		var resp ProgressResponse
@@ -325,6 +345,7 @@ func (c *Client) Create(ctx context.Context, req *CreateRequest, fn CreateProgre
 	})
 }

+// List lists models that are available locally.
 func (c *Client) List(ctx context.Context) (*ListResponse, error) {
 	var lr ListResponse
 	if err := c.do(ctx, http.MethodGet, "/api/tags", nil, &lr); err != nil {
@@ -333,6 +354,8 @@ func (c *Client) List(ctx context.Context) (*ListResponse, error) {
 	return &lr, nil
 }

+// Copy copies a model - creating a model with another name from an existing
+// model.
 func (c *Client) Copy(ctx context.Context, req *CopyRequest) error {
 	if err := c.do(ctx, http.MethodPost, "/api/copy", req, nil); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -340,6 +363,7 @@ func (c *Client) Copy(ctx context.Context, req *CopyRequest) error {
 	return nil
 }

+// Delete deletes a model and its data.
 func (c *Client) Delete(ctx context.Context, req *DeleteRequest) error {
 	if err := c.do(ctx, http.MethodDelete, "/api/delete", req, nil); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -347,6 +371,7 @@ func (c *Client) Delete(ctx context.Context, req *DeleteRequest) error {
 	return nil
 }

+// Show obtains model information, including details, modelfile, license etc.
 func (c *Client) Show(ctx context.Context, req *ShowRequest) (*ShowResponse, error) {
 	var resp ShowResponse
 	if err := c.do(ctx, http.MethodPost, "/api/show", req, &resp); err != nil {
@@ -355,12 +380,16 @@ func (c *Client) Show(ctx context.Context, req *ShowRequest) (*ShowResponse, err
 	return &resp, nil
 }

+// Hearbeat checks if the server has started and is responsive; if yes, it
+// returns nil, otherwise an error.
 func (c *Client) Heartbeat(ctx context.Context) error {
 	if err := c.do(ctx, http.MethodHead, "/", nil, nil); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return nil
 }
+
+// Embeddings generates embeddings from a model.
 func (c *Client) Embeddings(ctx context.Context, req *EmbeddingRequest) (*EmbeddingResponse, error) {
 	var resp EmbeddingResponse
 	if err := c.do(ctx, http.MethodPost, "/api/embeddings", req, &resp); err != nil {
@@ -369,10 +398,13 @@ func (c *Client) Embeddings(ctx context.Context, req *EmbeddingRequest) (*Embedd
 	return &resp, nil
 }

+// CreateBlob creates a blob from a file on the server. digest is the
+// expected SHA256 digest of the file, and r represents the file.
 func (c *Client) CreateBlob(ctx context.Context, digest string, r io.Reader) error {
 	return c.do(ctx, http.MethodPost, fmt.Sprintf("/api/blobs/%s", digest), r, nil)
 }

+// Version returns the Ollama server version as a string.
 func (c *Client) Version(ctx context.Context) (string, error) {
 	var version struct {
 		Version string `json:"version"`
--- a/api/types.go
+++ b/api/types.go
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 )

+// StatusError is an error with and HTTP status code.
 type StatusError struct {
 	StatusCode   int
 	Status       string
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@ func (e StatusError) Error() string {
 	}
 }

+// ImageData represents the raw binary data of an image file.
 type ImageData []byte

 // GenerateRequest describes a request sent by [Client.Generate]. While you
@@ -77,22 +79,39 @@ type GenerateRequest struct {
 	Options map[string]interface{} `json:"options"`
 }

+// ChatRequest describes a request sent by [Client.Chat].
 type ChatRequest struct {
+	// Model is the model name, as in [GenerateRequest].
 	Model string `json:"model"`
+
+	// Messages is the messages of the chat - can be used to keep a chat memory.
 	Messages []Message `json:"messages"`
+
+	// Stream enable streaming of returned response; true by default.
 	Stream *bool `json:"stream,omitempty"`
+
+	// Format is the format to return the response in (e.g. "json").
 	Format string `json:"format"`
+
+	// KeepAlive controls how long the model will stay loaded into memory
+	// followin the request.
 	KeepAlive *Duration `json:"keep_alive,omitempty"`

+	// Options lists model-specific options.
 	Options map[string]interface{} `json:"options"`
 }

+// Message is a single message in a chat sequence. The message contains the
+// role ("system", "user", or "assistant"), the content and an optional list
+// of images.
 type Message struct {
-	Role    string      `json:"role"` // one of ["system", "user", "assistant"]
+	Role    string      `json:"role"`
 	Content string      `json:"content"`
 	Images  []ImageData `json:"images,omitempty"`
 }

+// ChatResponse is the response returned by [Client.Chat]. Its fields are
+// similar to [GenerateResponse].
 type ChatResponse struct {
 	Model     string    `json:"model"`
 	CreatedAt time.Time `json:"created_at"`
@@ -112,7 +131,8 @@ type Metrics struct {
 	EvalDuration       time.Duration `json:"eval_duration,omitempty"`
 }

-// Options specified in GenerateRequest, if you add a new option here add it to the API docs also
+// Options specified in [GenerateRequest], if you add a new option here add it
+// to the API docs also.
 type Options struct {
 	Runner

@@ -158,18 +178,28 @@ type Runner struct {
 	RopeFrequencyScale float32 `json:"rope_frequency_scale,omitempty"`
 }

+// EmbeddingRequest is the request passed to [Client.Embeddings].
 type EmbeddingRequest struct {
+	// Model is the model name.
 	Model string `json:"model"`
+
+	// Prompt is the textual prompt to embed.
 	Prompt string `json:"prompt"`
+
+	// KeepAlive controls how long the model will stay loaded in memory following
+	// this request.
 	KeepAlive *Duration `json:"keep_alive,omitempty"`

+	// Options lists model-specific options.
 	Options map[string]interface{} `json:"options"`
 }

+// EmbeddingResponse is the response from [Client.Embeddings].
 type EmbeddingResponse struct {
 	Embedding []float64 `json:"embedding"`
 }

+// CreateRequest is the request passed to [Client.Create].
 type CreateRequest struct {
 	Model        string `json:"model"`
 	Path         string `json:"path"`
@@ -181,6 +211,7 @@ type CreateRequest struct {
 	Name string `json:"name"`
 }

+// DeleteRequest is the request passed to [Client.Delete].
 type DeleteRequest struct {
 	Model string `json:"model"`

@@ -188,6 +219,7 @@ type DeleteRequest struct {
 	Name string `json:"name"`
 }

+// ShowRequest is the request passed to [Client.Show].
 type ShowRequest struct {
 	Model    string `json:"model"`
 	System   string `json:"system"`
@@ -199,6 +231,7 @@ type ShowRequest struct {
 	Name string `json:"name"`
 }

+// ShowResponse is the response returned from [Client.Show].
 type ShowResponse struct {
 	License    string       `json:"license,omitempty"`
 	Modelfile  string       `json:"modelfile,omitempty"`
@@ -209,11 +242,13 @@ type ShowResponse struct {
 	Messages   []Message    `json:"messages,omitempty"`
 }

+// CopyRequest is the request passed to [Client.Copy].
 type CopyRequest struct {
 	Source      string `json:"source"`
 	Destination string `json:"destination"`
 }

+// PullRequest is the request passed to [Client.Pull].
 type PullRequest struct {
 	Model    string `json:"model"`
 	Insecure bool   `json:"insecure,omitempty"`
@@ -225,6 +260,8 @@ type PullRequest struct {
 	Name string `json:"name"`
 }

+// ProgressResponse is the response passed to progress functions like
+// [PullProgressFunc] and [PushProgressFunc].
 type ProgressResponse struct {
 	Status    string `json:"status"`
 	Digest    string `json:"digest,omitempty"`
@@ -232,6 +269,7 @@ type ProgressResponse struct {
 	Completed int64  `json:"completed,omitempty"`
 }

+// PushRequest is the request passed to [Client.Push].
 type PushRequest struct {
 	Model    string `json:"model"`
 	Insecure bool   `json:"insecure,omitempty"`
@@ -243,10 +281,12 @@ type PushRequest struct {
 	Name string `json:"name"`
 }

+// ListResponse is the response from [Client.List].
 type ListResponse struct {
 	Models []ModelResponse `json:"models"`
 }

+// ModelResponse is a single model description in [ListResponse].
 type ModelResponse struct {
 	Name       string       `json:"name"`
 	Model      string       `json:"model"`
@@ -260,17 +300,28 @@ type TokenResponse struct {
 	Token string `json:"token"`
 }

+// GenerateResponse is the response passed into [GenerateResponseFunc].
 type GenerateResponse struct {
+	// Model is the model name that generated the response.
 	Model string `json:"model"`
+
+	//CreatedAt is the timestamp of the response.
 	CreatedAt time.Time `json:"created_at"`
+
+	// Response is the textual response itself.
 	Response string `json:"response"`

+	// Done specifies if the response is complete.
 	Done bool `json:"done"`
+
+	// Context is an encoding of the conversation used in this response; this
+	// can be sent in the next request to keep a conversational memory.
 	Context []int `json:"context,omitempty"`

 	Metrics
 }

+// ModelDetails provides details about a model.
 type ModelDetails struct {
 	ParentModel       string   `json:"parent_model"`
 	Format            string   `json:"format"`
@@ -308,6 +359,7 @@ func (m *Metrics) Summary() {
 	}
 }

+// ErrInvalidOpts is returned when invalid options are passed to the client.
 var ErrInvalidOpts = errors.New("invalid options")
 var ErrInvalidHostPort = errors.New("invalid port specified in OLLAMA_HOST")

@@ -394,6 +446,8 @@ func (opts *Options) FromMap(m map[string]interface{}) error {
 	return nil
 }

+// DefaultOptions is the default set of options for [GenerateRequest]; these
+// values are used unless the user specifies other values explicitly.
 func DefaultOptions() Options {
 	return Options{
 		// options set on request to runner
--- a/cmd/interactive.go
+++ b/cmd/interactive.go
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ func generateInteractive(cmd *cobra.Command, opts runOptions) error {
 		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "  /set parameter repeat_penalty <float> How strongly to penalize repetitions")
 		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "  /set parameter repeat_last_n <int>    Set how far back to look for repetitions")
 		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "  /set parameter num_gpu <int>          The number of layers to send to the GPU")
-		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "  /set parameter stop \"<string>\", ...   Set the stop parameters")
+		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "  /set parameter stop <string> <string> ...   Set the stop parameters")
 		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "")
 	}

--- a/convert/convert.go
+++ b/convert/convert.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"log/slog"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ type ByteOrder interface {
 type ModelArch interface {
 	GetTensors() error
 	LoadVocab() error
-	WriteGGUF() (string, error)
+	WriteGGUF(io.WriteSeeker) error
 }

 type ModelFormat interface {
--- a/convert/gemma.go
+++ b/convert/gemma.go
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ func (m *GemmaModel) LoadVocab() error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (m *GemmaModel) WriteGGUF() (string, error) {
+func (m *GemmaModel) WriteGGUF(ws io.WriteSeeker) error {
 	kv := llm.KV{
 		"general.architecture":                   "gemma",
 		"general.name":                           m.Name,
@@ -122,16 +122,5 @@ func (m *GemmaModel) WriteGGUF() (string, error) {
 		"tokenizer.ggml.add_eos_token":    false,
 	}

-	f, err := os.CreateTemp("", "ollama-gguf")
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-
-	mod := llm.NewGGUFV3(m.Params.ByteOrder)
-	if err := mod.Encode(f, kv, m.Tensors); err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	return f.Name(), nil
+	return llm.NewGGUFV3(m.Params.ByteOrder).Encode(ws, kv, m.Tensors)
 }
--- a/convert/llama.go
+++ b/convert/llama.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"log/slog"
-	"os"
 	"regexp"
 	"strings"

@@ -132,7 +131,7 @@ func (m *LlamaModel) LoadVocab() error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (m *LlamaModel) WriteGGUF() (string, error) {
+func (m *LlamaModel) WriteGGUF(ws io.WriteSeeker) error {
 	kv := llm.KV{
 		"general.architecture":                   "llama",
 		"general.name":                           m.Name,
@@ -159,18 +158,5 @@ func (m *LlamaModel) WriteGGUF() (string, error) {
 		"tokenizer.ggml.add_eos_token":    false,
 	}

-	f, err := os.CreateTemp("", "ollama-gguf")
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-
-	mod := llm.NewGGUFV3(m.Params.ByteOrder)
-	if err := mod.Encode(f, kv, m.Tensors); err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	slog.Debug(fmt.Sprintf("gguf file = %s", f.Name()))
-
-	return f.Name(), nil
+	return llm.NewGGUFV3(m.Params.ByteOrder).Encode(ws, kv, m.Tensors)
 }
--- a/convert/mistral.go
+++ b/convert/mistral.go
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ func (m *MistralModel) LoadVocab() error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (m *MistralModel) WriteGGUF() (string, error) {
+func (m *MistralModel) WriteGGUF(ws io.WriteSeeker) error {
 	kv := llm.KV{
 		"general.architecture":                   "llama",
 		"general.name":                           m.Name,
@@ -158,16 +158,5 @@ func (m *MistralModel) WriteGGUF() (string, error) {
 		"tokenizer.ggml.unknown_token_id": uint32(0),
 	}

-	f, err := os.CreateTemp("", "ollama-gguf")
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-
-	mod := llm.NewGGUFV3(m.Params.ByteOrder)
-	if err := mod.Encode(f, kv, m.Tensors); err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	return f.Name(), nil
+	return llm.NewGGUFV3(m.Params.ByteOrder).Encode(ws, kv, m.Tensors)
 }
--- a/convert/mixtral.go
+++ b/convert/mixtral.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package convert

 import (
-	"os"
+	"io"
 	"regexp"

 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llm"
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ func (m *MixtralModel) LoadVocab() error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (m *MixtralModel) WriteGGUF() (string, error) {
+func (m *MixtralModel) WriteGGUF(ws io.WriteSeeker) error {
 	kv := llm.KV{
 		"general.architecture":          "llama",
 		"general.name":                  m.Name,
@@ -81,16 +81,5 @@ func (m *MixtralModel) WriteGGUF() (string, error) {
 		"tokenizer.ggml.add_eos_token":    false,
 	}

-	f, err := os.CreateTemp("", "ollama-gguf")
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-
-	mod := llm.NewGGUFV3(m.Params.ByteOrder)
-	if err := mod.Encode(f, kv, m.Tensors); err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	return f.Name(), nil
+	return llm.NewGGUFV3(m.Params.ByteOrder).Encode(ws, kv, m.Tensors)
 }
--- a/docs/tutorials/langchainpy.md
+++ b/docs/tutorials/langchainpy.md
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ So let's figure out how we can use **LangChain** with Ollama to ask our question

 Let's start by asking a simple question that we can get an answer to from the **Llama2** model using **Ollama**. First, we need to install the **LangChain** package:

-`pip install langchain`
+`pip install langchain_community`

 Then we can create a model and ask the question:

--- a/examples/flyio/.gitignore
+++ b/examples/flyio/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+fly.toml
--- a/examples/flyio/README.md
+++ b/examples/flyio/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# Deploy Ollama to Fly.io
+
+> Note: this example exposes a public endpoint and does not configure authentication. Use with care.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+- Ollama: https://ollama.com/download
+- Fly.io account. Sign up for a free account: https://fly.io/app/sign-up
+
+## Steps
+
+1. Login to Fly.io
+
+    ```bash
+    fly auth login
+    ```
+
+1. Create a new Fly app
+
+    ```bash
+    fly launch --name <name> --image ollama/ollama --internal-port 11434 --vm-size shared-cpu-8x --now
+    ```
+
+1. Pull and run `orca-mini:3b`
+
+    ```bash
+    OLLAMA_HOST=https://<name>.fly.dev ollama run orca-mini:3b
+    ```
+
+`shared-cpu-8x` is a free-tier eligible machine type. For better performance, switch to a `performance` or `dedicated` machine type or attach a GPU for hardware acceleration (see below).
+
+## (Optional) Persistent Volume
+
+By default Fly Machines use ephemeral storage which is problematic if you want to use the same model across restarts without pulling it again. Create and attach a persistent volume to store the downloaded models:
+
+1. Create the Fly Volume
+
+    ```bash
+    fly volume create ollama
+    ```
+
+1. Update `fly.toml` and add `[mounts]`
+
+    ```toml
+    [mounts]
+      source = "ollama"
+      destination = "/mnt/ollama/models"
+    ```
+
+1. Update `fly.toml` and add `[env]`
+
+    ```toml
+    [env]
+      OLLAMA_MODELS = "/mnt/ollama/models"
+    ```
+
+1. Deploy your app
+
+    ```bash
+    fly deploy
+    ```
+
+## (Optional) Hardware Acceleration
+
+Fly.io GPU is currently in waitlist. Sign up for the waitlist: https://fly.io/gpu
+
+Once you've been accepted, create the app with the additional flags `--vm-gpu-kind a100-pcie-40gb` or `--vm-gpu-kind a100-pcie-80gb`.
--- a/examples/kubernetes/README.md
+++ b/examples/kubernetes/README.md
@@ -7,12 +7,24 @@

 ## Steps

-1. Create the Ollama namespace, daemon set, and service
+1. Create the Ollama namespace, deployment, and service

   ```bash
   kubectl apply -f cpu.yaml
   ```

+## (Optional) Hardware Acceleration
+
+Hardware acceleration in Kubernetes requires NVIDIA's [`k8s-device-plugin`](https://github.com/NVIDIA/k8s-device-plugin) which is deployed in Kubernetes in form of daemonset. Follow the link for more details.
+
+Once configured, create a GPU enabled Ollama deployment.
+
+```bash
+kubectl apply -f gpu.yaml
+```
+
+## Test
+
 1. Port forward the Ollama service to connect and use it locally

   ```bash
@@ -24,13 +36,3 @@
   ```bash
   ollama run orca-mini:3b
   ```
-
-## (Optional) Hardware Acceleration
-
-Hardware acceleration in Kubernetes requires NVIDIA's [`k8s-device-plugin`](https://github.com/NVIDIA/k8s-device-plugin). Follow the link for more details.
-
-Once configured, create a GPU enabled Ollama deployment.
-
-```bash
-kubectl apply -f gpu.yaml
-```
--- a/format/format.go
+++ b/format/format.go
@@ -13,12 +13,20 @@ const (

 func HumanNumber(b uint64) string {
 	switch {
-	case b > Billion:
-		return fmt.Sprintf("%.0fB", math.Round(float64(b)/Billion))
-	case b > Million:
-		return fmt.Sprintf("%.0fM", math.Round(float64(b)/Million))
-	case b > Thousand:
-		return fmt.Sprintf("%.0fK", math.Round(float64(b)/Thousand))
+	case b >= Billion:
+		number := float64(b) / Billion
+		if number == math.Floor(number) {
+			return fmt.Sprintf("%.0fB", number) // no decimals if whole number
+		}
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.1fB", number) // one decimal if not a whole number
+	case b >= Million:
+		number := float64(b) / Million
+		if number == math.Floor(number) {
+			return fmt.Sprintf("%.0fM", number) // no decimals if whole number
+		}
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.2fM", number) // two decimals if not a whole number
+	case b >= Thousand:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%.0fK", float64(b)/Thousand)
 	default:
 		return fmt.Sprintf("%d", b)
 	}
--- a/format/format_test.go
+++ b/format/format_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package format
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestHumanNumber(t *testing.T) {
+
+	type testCase struct {
+		input    uint64
+		expected string
+	}
+
+	testCases := []testCase{
+		{0, "0"},
+		{1000000, "1M"},
+		{125000000, "125M"},
+		{500500000, "500.50M"},
+		{500550000, "500.55M"},
+		{1000000000, "1B"},
+		{2800000000, "2.8B"},
+		{2850000000, "2.9B"},
+		{1000000000000, "1000B"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.expected, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := HumanNumber(tc.input)
+			if result != tc.expected {
+				t.Errorf("Expected %s, got %s", tc.expected, result)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
--- a/gpu/gpu.go
+++ b/gpu/gpu.go
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ type handles struct {
 }

 const (
-	cudaMinimumMemory = 457 * format.MebiByte
-	rocmMinimumMemory = 457 * format.MebiByte
+	cudaMinimumMemory = 256 * format.MebiByte
+	rocmMinimumMemory = 256 * format.MebiByte
 )

 var gpuMutex sync.Mutex
--- a/gpu/gpu_darwin.go
+++ b/gpu/gpu_darwin.go
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import (
 )

 const (
-	metalMinimumMemory = 512 * format.MebiByte
+	metalMinimumMemory = 384 * format.MebiByte
 )

 func GetGPUInfo() GpuInfoList {
--- a/integration/utils_test.go
+++ b/integration/utils_test.go
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ func startServer(ctx context.Context, ollamaHost string) error {

 	if tmp := os.Getenv("OLLAMA_HOST"); tmp != ollamaHost {
 		slog.Info("setting env", "OLLAMA_HOST", ollamaHost)
-		os.Setenv("OLLAMA_HOST", ollamaHost)
+		t.Setenv("OLLAMA_HOST", ollamaHost)
 	}

 	slog.Info("starting server", "url", ollamaHost)
--- a/llm/filetype.go
+++ b/llm/filetype.go
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+package llm
+
+import "fmt"
+
+type fileType uint32
+
+const (
+	fileTypeF32 fileType = iota
+	fileTypeF16
+	fileTypeQ4_0
+	fileTypeQ4_1
+	fileTypeQ4_1_F16
+	fileTypeQ4_2 // unused
+	fileTypeQ4_3 // unused
+	fileTypeQ8_0
+	fileTypeQ5_0
+	fileTypeQ5_1
+	fileTypeQ2_K
+	fileTypeQ3_K_S
+	fileTypeQ3_K_M
+	fileTypeQ3_K_L
+	fileTypeQ4_K_S
+	fileTypeQ4_K_M
+	fileTypeQ5_K_S
+	fileTypeQ5_K_M
+	fileTypeQ6_K
+	fileTypeIQ2_XXS
+	fileTypeIQ2_XS
+	fileTypeQ2_K_S
+	fileTypeQ3_K_XS
+	fileTypeIQ3_XXS
+
+	fileTypeUnknown
+)
+
+func ParseFileType(s string) (fileType, error) {
+	switch s {
+	case "F32":
+		return fileTypeF32, nil
+	case "F16":
+		return fileTypeF16, nil
+	case "Q4_0":
+		return fileTypeQ4_0, nil
+	case "Q4_1":
+		return fileTypeQ4_1, nil
+	case "Q4_1_F16":
+		return fileTypeQ4_1_F16, nil
+	case "Q8_0":
+		return fileTypeQ8_0, nil
+	case "Q5_0":
+		return fileTypeQ5_0, nil
+	case "Q5_1":
+		return fileTypeQ5_1, nil
+	case "Q2_K":
+		return fileTypeQ2_K, nil
+	case "Q3_K_S":
+		return fileTypeQ3_K_S, nil
+	case "Q3_K_M":
+		return fileTypeQ3_K_M, nil
+	case "Q3_K_L":
+		return fileTypeQ3_K_L, nil
+	case "Q4_K_S":
+		return fileTypeQ4_K_S, nil
+	case "Q4_K_M":
+		return fileTypeQ4_K_M, nil
+	case "Q5_K_S":
+		return fileTypeQ5_K_S, nil
+	case "Q5_K_M":
+		return fileTypeQ5_K_M, nil
+	case "Q6_K":
+		return fileTypeQ6_K, nil
+	case "IQ2_XXS":
+		return fileTypeIQ2_XXS, nil
+	case "IQ2_XS":
+		return fileTypeIQ2_XS, nil
+	case "Q2_K_S":
+		return fileTypeQ2_K_S, nil
+	case "Q3_K_XS":
+		return fileTypeQ3_K_XS, nil
+	case "IQ3_XXS":
+		return fileTypeIQ3_XXS, nil
+	default:
+		return fileTypeUnknown, fmt.Errorf("unknown fileType: %s", s)
+	}
+}
+
+func (t fileType) String() string {
+	switch t {
+	case fileTypeF32:
+		return "F32"
+	case fileTypeF16:
+		return "F16"
+	case fileTypeQ4_0:
+		return "Q4_0"
+	case fileTypeQ4_1:
+		return "Q4_1"
+	case fileTypeQ4_1_F16:
+		return "Q4_1_F16"
+	case fileTypeQ8_0:
+		return "Q8_0"
+	case fileTypeQ5_0:
+		return "Q5_0"
+	case fileTypeQ5_1:
+		return "Q5_1"
+	case fileTypeQ2_K:
+		return "Q2_K"
+	case fileTypeQ3_K_S:
+		return "Q3_K_S"
+	case fileTypeQ3_K_M:
+		return "Q3_K_M"
+	case fileTypeQ3_K_L:
+		return "Q3_K_L"
+	case fileTypeQ4_K_S:
+		return "Q4_K_S"
+	case fileTypeQ4_K_M:
+		return "Q4_K_M"
+	case fileTypeQ5_K_S:
+		return "Q5_K_S"
+	case fileTypeQ5_K_M:
+		return "Q5_K_M"
+	case fileTypeQ6_K:
+		return "Q6_K"
+	case fileTypeIQ2_XXS:
+		return "IQ2_XXS"
+	case fileTypeIQ2_XS:
+		return "IQ2_XS"
+	case fileTypeQ2_K_S:
+		return "Q2_K_S"
+	case fileTypeQ3_K_XS:
+		return "Q3_K_XS"
+	case fileTypeIQ3_XXS:
+		return "IQ3_XXS"
+	default:
+		return "unknown"
+	}
+}
+
+func (t fileType) Value() uint32 {
+	return uint32(t)
+}
--- a/llm/ggml.go
+++ b/llm/ggml.go
@@ -13,82 +13,6 @@ type GGML struct {
 	model
 }

-const (
-	fileTypeF32 uint32 = iota
-	fileTypeF16
-	fileTypeQ4_0
-	fileTypeQ4_1
-	fileTypeQ4_1_F16
-	fileTypeQ8_0 uint32 = iota + 2
-	fileTypeQ5_0
-	fileTypeQ5_1
-	fileTypeQ2_K
-	fileTypeQ3_K_S
-	fileTypeQ3_K_M
-	fileTypeQ3_K_L
-	fileTypeQ4_K_S
-	fileTypeQ4_K_M
-	fileTypeQ5_K_S
-	fileTypeQ5_K_M
-	fileTypeQ6_K
-	fileTypeIQ2_XXS
-	fileTypeIQ2_XS
-	fileTypeQ2_K_S
-	fileTypeQ3_K_XS
-	fileTypeIQ3_XXS
-)
-
-func fileType(fileType uint32) string {
-	switch fileType {
-	case fileTypeF32:
-		return "F32"
-	case fileTypeF16:
-		return "F16"
-	case fileTypeQ4_0:
-		return "Q4_0"
-	case fileTypeQ4_1:
-		return "Q4_1"
-	case fileTypeQ4_1_F16:
-		return "Q4_1_F16"
-	case fileTypeQ8_0:
-		return "Q8_0"
-	case fileTypeQ5_0:
-		return "Q5_0"
-	case fileTypeQ5_1:
-		return "Q5_1"
-	case fileTypeQ2_K:
-		return "Q2_K"
-	case fileTypeQ3_K_S:
-		return "Q3_K_S"
-	case fileTypeQ3_K_M:
-		return "Q3_K_M"
-	case fileTypeQ3_K_L:
-		return "Q3_K_L"
-	case fileTypeQ4_K_S:
-		return "Q4_K_S"
-	case fileTypeQ4_K_M:
-		return "Q4_K_M"
-	case fileTypeQ5_K_S:
-		return "Q5_K_S"
-	case fileTypeQ5_K_M:
-		return "Q5_K_M"
-	case fileTypeQ6_K:
-		return "Q6_K"
-	case fileTypeIQ2_XXS:
-		return "IQ2_XXS"
-	case fileTypeIQ2_XS:
-		return "IQ2_XS"
-	case fileTypeQ2_K_S:
-		return "Q2_K_S"
-	case fileTypeQ3_K_XS:
-		return "Q3_K_XS"
-	case fileTypeIQ3_XXS:
-		return "IQ3_XXS"
-	default:
-		return "unknown"
-	}
-}
-
 type model interface {
 	KV() KV
 	Tensors() Tensors
@@ -121,12 +45,12 @@ func (kv KV) ParameterCount() uint64 {
 	return kv.u64("general.parameter_count")
 }

-func (kv KV) FileType() string {
+func (kv KV) FileType() fileType {
 	if u64 := kv.u64("general.file_type"); u64 > 0 {
 		return fileType(uint32(u64))
 	}

-	return "unknown"
+	return fileTypeUnknown
 }

 func (kv KV) BlockCount() uint64 {
@@ -286,6 +210,23 @@ const (

 var ErrUnsupportedFormat = errors.New("unsupported model format")

+func DetectGGMLType(b []byte) string {
+	switch binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(b[:4]) {
+	case FILE_MAGIC_GGML:
+		return "ggml"
+	case FILE_MAGIC_GGMF:
+		return "ggmf"
+	case FILE_MAGIC_GGJT:
+		return "ggjt"
+	case FILE_MAGIC_GGLA:
+		return "ggla"
+	case FILE_MAGIC_GGUF_LE, FILE_MAGIC_GGUF_BE:
+		return "gguf"
+	default:
+		return ""
+	}
+}
+
 func DecodeGGML(rs io.ReadSeeker) (*GGML, int64, error) {
 	var magic uint32
 	if err := binary.Read(rs, binary.LittleEndian, &magic); err != nil {
--- a/llm/llm.go
+++ b/llm/llm.go
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ func SystemInfo() string {
 	return C.GoString(C.llama_print_system_info())
 }

-func Quantize(infile, outfile, filetype string) error {
+func Quantize(infile, outfile string, ftype fileType) error {
 	cinfile := C.CString(infile)
 	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cinfile))

@@ -29,58 +29,10 @@ func Quantize(infile, outfile, filetype string) error {

 	params := C.llama_model_quantize_default_params()
 	params.nthread = -1
+	params.ftype = ftype.Value()

-	switch filetype {
-	case "F32":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeF32
-	case "F16":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeF16
-	case "Q4_0":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ4_0
-	case "Q4_1":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ4_1
-	case "Q4_1_F16":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ4_1_F16
-	case "Q8_0":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ8_0
-	case "Q5_0":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ5_0
-	case "Q5_1":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ5_1
-	case "Q2_K":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ2_K
-	case "Q3_K_S":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ3_K_S
-	case "Q3_K_M":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ3_K_M
-	case "Q3_K_L":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ3_K_L
-	case "Q4_K_S":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ4_K_S
-	case "Q4_K_M":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ4_K_M
-	case "Q5_K_S":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ5_K_S
-	case "Q5_K_M":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ5_K_M
-	case "Q6_K":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ6_K
-	case "IQ2_XXS":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeIQ2_XXS
-	case "IQ2_XS":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeIQ2_XS
-	case "Q2_K_S":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ2_K_S
-	case "Q3_K_XS":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeQ3_K_XS
-	case "IQ3_XXS":
-		params.ftype = fileTypeIQ3_XXS
-	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("unknown filetype: %s", filetype)
-	}
-
-	if retval := C.llama_model_quantize(cinfile, coutfile, &params); retval != 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("llama_model_quantize: %d", retval)
+	if rc := C.llama_model_quantize(cinfile, coutfile, &params); rc != 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("llama_model_quantize: %d", rc)
 	}

 	return nil
--- a/llm/memory.go
+++ b/llm/memory.go
@@ -85,19 +85,19 @@ func EstimateGPULayers(gpus []gpu.GpuInfo, ggml *GGML, projectors []string, opts
 		graphPartialOffload = graphFullOffload
 	}

+	layers := ggml.Tensors().Layers()
+
 	// memoryRequiredTotal represents the memory required for full GPU offloading (all layers)
-	memoryRequiredTotal := memoryMinimum + graphFullOffload
+	memoryRequiredTotal := memoryMinimum + graphFullOffload + layers["blk.0"].size()

 	// memoryRequiredPartial represents the memory required for partial GPU offloading (n > 0, n < layers)
-	memoryRequiredPartial := memoryMinimum + graphPartialOffload
+	memoryRequiredPartial := memoryMinimum + graphPartialOffload + layers["blk.0"].size()

 	if memoryRequiredPartial > memoryAvailable {
 		slog.Debug("insufficient VRAM to load any model layers")
 		return 0, 0
 	}

-	layers := ggml.Tensors().Layers()
-
 	var memoryLayerOutput uint64
 	if layer, ok := layers["output_norm"]; ok {
 		memoryLayerOutput += layer.size()
--- a/readline/readline.go
+++ b/readline/readline.go
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ func (i *Instance) Readline() (string, error) {
 		case CharCtrlZ:
 			fd := int(syscall.Stdin)
 			return handleCharCtrlZ(fd, i.Terminal.termios)
-		case CharEnter:
+		case CharEnter, CharCtrlJ:
 			output := buf.String()
 			if output != "" {
 				i.History.Add([]rune(output))
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ func (i *Instance) Readline() (string, error) {
 				metaDel = false
 				continue
 			}
-			if r >= CharSpace || r == CharEnter {
+			if r >= CharSpace || r == CharEnter || r == CharCtrlJ {
 				buf.Add(r)
 			}
 		}
--- a/server/images.go
+++ b/server/images.go
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 package server

 import (
-	"archive/zip"
 	"bytes"
+	"cmp"
 	"context"
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"encoding/base64"
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/fs"
 	"log"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net/http"
@@ -26,7 +25,6 @@ import (

 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/auth"
-	"github.com/ollama/ollama/convert"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/format"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llm"
 	"github.com/ollama/ollama/server/envconfig"
@@ -54,7 +52,6 @@ type Model struct {
 	System         string
 	License        []string
 	Digest         string
-	Size           int64
 	Options        map[string]interface{}
 	Messages       []Message
 }
@@ -158,50 +155,11 @@ type ConfigV2 struct {
 	RootFS       RootFS `json:"rootfs"`
 }

-func (c *ConfigV2) SetModelFormat(format string) {
-	if c.ModelFormat == "" {
-		c.ModelFormat = format
-	}
-}
-
-func (c *ConfigV2) SetModelFamily(families ...string) {
-	for _, family := range families {
-		if c.ModelFamily == "" {
-			c.ModelFamily = family
-		}
-
-		if !slices.Contains(c.ModelFamilies, family) {
-			c.ModelFamilies = append(c.ModelFamilies, family)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func (c *ConfigV2) SetModelType(modelType string) {
-	if c.ModelType == "" {
-		c.ModelType = modelType
-	}
-}
-
-func (c *ConfigV2) SetFileType(fileType string) {
-	if c.FileType == "" {
-		c.FileType = fileType
-	}
-}
-
 type RootFS struct {
 	Type    string   `json:"type"`
 	DiffIDs []string `json:"diff_ids"`
 }

-func (m *ManifestV2) GetTotalSize() (total int64) {
-	for _, layer := range m.Layers {
-		total += layer.Size
-	}
-
-	total += m.Config.Size
-	return total
-}
-
 func GetManifest(mp ModelPath) (*ManifestV2, string, error) {
 	fp, err := mp.GetManifestPath()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -242,7 +200,6 @@ func GetModel(name string) (*Model, error) {
 		Digest:    digest,
 		Template:  "{{ .Prompt }}",
 		License:   []string{},
-		Size:      manifest.GetTotalSize(),
 	}

 	filename, err := GetBlobsPath(manifest.Config.Digest)
@@ -332,7 +289,7 @@ func GetModel(name string) (*Model, error) {
 	return model, nil
 }

-func realpath(mfDir, from string) string {
+func realpath(rel, from string) string {
 	abspath, err := filepath.Abs(from)
 	if err != nil {
 		return from
@@ -349,22 +306,15 @@ func realpath(mfDir, from string) string {
 		return filepath.Join(home, from[2:])
 	}

-	if _, err := os.Stat(filepath.Join(mfDir, from)); err == nil {
+	if _, err := os.Stat(filepath.Join(rel, from)); err == nil {
 		// this is a file relative to the Modelfile
-		return filepath.Join(mfDir, from)
+		return filepath.Join(rel, from)
 	}

 	return abspath
 }

-func CreateModel(ctx context.Context, name, modelFileDir, quantization string, modelfile *model.File, fn func(resp api.ProgressResponse)) error {
-	deleteMap := make(map[string]struct{})
-	if manifest, _, err := GetManifest(ParseModelPath(name)); err == nil {
-		for _, layer := range append(manifest.Layers, manifest.Config) {
-			deleteMap[layer.Digest] = struct{}{}
-		}
-	}
-
+func CreateModel(ctx context.Context, name, modelFileDir, quantization string, modelfile *model.File, fn func(resp api.ProgressResponse)) (err error) {
 	config := ConfigV2{
 		OS:           "linux",
 		Architecture: "amd64",
@@ -373,250 +323,181 @@ func CreateModel(ctx context.Context, name, modelFileDir, quantization string, m
 		},
 	}

-	var layers Layers
-	messages := []string{}
-
-	params := make(map[string][]string)
-	fromParams := make(map[string]any)
+	var messages []*api.Message
+	parameters := make(map[string]any)

+	var layers []*Layer
 	for _, c := range modelfile.Commands {
 		mediatype := fmt.Sprintf("application/vnd.ollama.image.%s", c.Name)

 		switch c.Name {
-		case "model":
-			if strings.HasPrefix(c.Args, "@") {
-				blobPath, err := GetBlobsPath(strings.TrimPrefix(c.Args, "@"))
+		case "model", "adapter":
+			var baseLayers []*layerWithGGML
+			if name := model.ParseName(c.Args); name.IsValid() {
+				baseLayers, err = parseFromModel(ctx, name, fn)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+			} else if strings.HasPrefix(c.Args, "@") {
+				blobpath, err := GetBlobsPath(strings.TrimPrefix(c.Args, "@"))
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}

-				c.Args = blobPath
-			}
-
-			pathName := realpath(modelFileDir, c.Args)
-
-			ggufName, err := convertModel(name, pathName, fn)
-			if err != nil {
-				var pathErr *fs.PathError
-				switch {
-				case errors.Is(err, zip.ErrFormat):
-					// it's not a safetensor archive
-				case errors.As(err, &pathErr):
-					// it's not a file on disk, could be a model reference
-				default:
-					return err
-				}
-			}
-
-			if ggufName != "" {
-				pathName = ggufName
-				defer os.RemoveAll(ggufName)
-
-				if quantization != "" {
-					quantization = strings.ToUpper(quantization)
-					fn(api.ProgressResponse{Status: fmt.Sprintf("quantizing %s model to %s", "F16", quantization)})
-					tempfile, err := os.CreateTemp(filepath.Dir(ggufName), quantization)
+				blob, err := os.Open(blobpath)
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
-					defer os.RemoveAll(tempfile.Name())
+				defer blob.Close()

-					if err := llm.Quantize(ggufName, tempfile.Name(), quantization); err != nil {
-						return err
-					}
-
-					if err := tempfile.Close(); err != nil {
-						return err
-					}
-
-					pathName = tempfile.Name()
-				}
-			}
-
-			bin, err := os.Open(pathName)
-			if err != nil {
-				// not a file on disk so must be a model reference
-				modelpath := ParseModelPath(c.Args)
-				manifest, _, err := GetManifest(modelpath)
-				switch {
-				case errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist):
-					fn(api.ProgressResponse{Status: "pulling model"})
-					if err := PullModel(ctx, c.Args, &registryOptions{}, fn); err != nil {
-						return err
-					}
-
-					manifest, _, err = GetManifest(modelpath)
+				baseLayers, err = parseFromFile(ctx, blob, fn)
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
-				case err != nil:
+			} else if file, err := os.Open(realpath(modelFileDir, c.Args)); err == nil {
+				defer file.Close()
+
+				baseLayers, err = parseFromFile(ctx, file, fn)
+				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
+			} else {
+				return fmt.Errorf("invalid model reference: %s", c.Args)
+			}

-				fn(api.ProgressResponse{Status: "reading model metadata"})
-				fromConfigPath, err := GetBlobsPath(manifest.Config.Digest)
+			for _, baseLayer := range baseLayers {
+				if quantization != "" &&
+					baseLayer.MediaType == "application/vnd.ollama.image.model" &&
+					baseLayer.GGML != nil &&
+					baseLayer.GGML.Name() == "gguf" {
+					want, err := llm.ParseFileType(quantization)
 					if err != nil {
 						return err
 					}

-				fromConfigFile, err := os.Open(fromConfigPath)
-				if err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-				defer fromConfigFile.Close()
+					ft := baseLayer.GGML.KV().FileType()
+					if !slices.Contains([]string{"F16", "F32"}, ft.String()) {
+						return errors.New("quantization is only supported for F16 and F32 models")
+					} else if want != ft {
+						fn(api.ProgressResponse{Status: fmt.Sprintf("quantizing %s model to %s", ft, quantization)})

-				var fromConfig ConfigV2
-				if err := json.NewDecoder(fromConfigFile).Decode(&fromConfig); err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-
-				// if the model is still not in gguf format, error out
-				if fromConfig.ModelFormat != "gguf" {
-					return fmt.Errorf("%s is not in gguf format, this base model is not compatible with this version of ollama", c.Args)
-				}
-
-				config.SetModelFormat(fromConfig.ModelFormat)
-				config.SetModelFamily(append(fromConfig.ModelFamilies, fromConfig.ModelFamily)...)
-				config.SetModelType(fromConfig.ModelType)
-				config.SetFileType(fromConfig.FileType)
-
-				for _, layer := range manifest.Layers {
-					deleteMap[layer.Digest] = struct{}{}
-					if layer.MediaType == "application/vnd.ollama.image.params" {
-						fromParamsPath, err := GetBlobsPath(layer.Digest)
+						blob, err := GetBlobsPath(baseLayer.Digest)
 						if err != nil {
 							return err
 						}

-						fromParamsFile, err := os.Open(fromParamsPath)
+						temp, err := os.CreateTemp(filepath.Dir(blob), quantization)
 						if err != nil {
 							return err
 						}
-						defer fromParamsFile.Close()
+						defer temp.Close()
+						defer os.Remove(temp.Name())

-						if err := json.NewDecoder(fromParamsFile).Decode(&fromParams); err != nil {
+						if err := llm.Quantize(blob, temp.Name(), want); err != nil {
+							return err
+						}
+
+						baseLayer.Layer, err = NewLayer(temp, baseLayer.Layer.MediaType)
+						if err != nil {
 							return err
 						}
 					}
+				}

-					layer, err := NewLayerFromLayer(layer.Digest, layer.MediaType, modelpath.GetShortTagname())
+				if baseLayer.GGML != nil {
+					config.ModelFormat = cmp.Or(config.ModelFormat, baseLayer.GGML.Name())
+					config.ModelFamily = cmp.Or(config.ModelFamily, baseLayer.GGML.KV().Architecture())
+					config.ModelType = cmp.Or(config.ModelType, format.HumanNumber(baseLayer.GGML.KV().ParameterCount()))
+					config.FileType = cmp.Or(config.FileType, baseLayer.GGML.KV().FileType().String())
+					config.ModelFamilies = append(config.ModelFamilies, baseLayer.GGML.KV().Architecture())
+				}
+
+				layers = append(layers, baseLayer.Layer)
+			}
+		case "license", "template", "system":
+			blob := strings.NewReader(c.Args)
+			layer, err := NewLayer(blob, mediatype)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}

-					layers.Add(layer)
+			if c.Name != "license" {
+				// replace
+				layers = slices.DeleteFunc(layers, func(layer *Layer) bool {
+					return layer.MediaType == mediatype
+				})
 			}

-				deleteMap[manifest.Config.Digest] = struct{}{}
-				continue
-			}
-			defer bin.Close()
-
-			var offset int64
-			for {
-				fn(api.ProgressResponse{Status: "creating model layer"})
-				if _, err := bin.Seek(offset, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-
-				ggml, size, err := llm.DecodeGGML(bin)
-				if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
-					break
-				} else if errors.Is(err, llm.ErrUnsupportedFormat) {
-					return fmt.Errorf("model binary specified in FROM field is not a valid gguf format model, %w", err)
-				} else if err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-
-				config.SetModelFormat(ggml.Name())
-				config.SetModelFamily(ggml.KV().Architecture())
-				config.SetModelType(format.HumanNumber(ggml.KV().ParameterCount()))
-				config.SetFileType(ggml.KV().FileType())
-
-				mediatype := mediatype
-				if ggml.KV().Architecture() == "clip" {
-					mediatype = "application/vnd.ollama.image.projector"
-				}
-
-				sr := io.NewSectionReader(bin, offset, size)
-				layer, err := NewLayer(sr, mediatype)
-				if err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-
-				layers.Add(layer)
-
-				offset += size
-			}
-		case "adapter":
-			if strings.HasPrefix(c.Args, "@") {
-				blobPath, err := GetBlobsPath(strings.TrimPrefix(c.Args, "@"))
-				if err != nil {
-					return err
-				}
-
-				c.Args = blobPath
-			}
-
-			fn(api.ProgressResponse{Status: "creating adapter layer"})
-			bin, err := os.Open(realpath(modelFileDir, c.Args))
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			defer bin.Close()
-
-			_, size, err := llm.DecodeGGML(bin)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			sr := io.NewSectionReader(bin, 0, size)
-			layer, err := NewLayer(sr, mediatype)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			layers.Add(layer)
-		case "license":
-			fn(api.ProgressResponse{Status: "creating license layer"})
-
-			bin := strings.NewReader(c.Args)
-			layer, err := NewLayer(bin, mediatype)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			layers.Add(layer)
-		case "template", "system":
-			fn(api.ProgressResponse{Status: fmt.Sprintf("creating %s layer", c.Name)})
-
-			bin := strings.NewReader(c.Args)
-			layer, err := NewLayer(bin, mediatype)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-
-			layers.Replace(layer)
+			layers = append(layers, layer)
 		case "message":
-			messages = append(messages, c.Args)
-		default:
-			params[c.Name] = append(params[c.Name], c.Args)
+			role, content, ok := strings.Cut(c.Args, ": ")
+			if !ok {
+				return fmt.Errorf("invalid message: %s", c.Args)
 			}
+
+			messages = append(messages, &api.Message{Role: role, Content: content})
+		default:
+			ps, err := api.FormatParams(map[string][]string{c.Name: {c.Args}})
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			for k, v := range ps {
+				if ks, ok := parameters[k].([]string); ok {
+					parameters[k] = append(ks, v.([]string)...)
+				} else if vs, ok := v.([]string); ok {
+					parameters[k] = vs
+				} else {
+					parameters[k] = v
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	var err2 error
+	layers = slices.DeleteFunc(layers, func(layer *Layer) bool {
+		switch layer.MediaType {
+		case "application/vnd.ollama.image.message":
+			// if there are new messages, remove the inherited ones
+			if len(messages) > 0 {
+				return true
+			}
+
+			return false
+		case "application/vnd.ollama.image.params":
+			// merge inherited parameters with new ones
+			r, err := layer.Open()
+			if err != nil {
+				err2 = err
+				return false
+			}
+			defer r.Close()
+
+			var ps map[string]any
+			if err := json.NewDecoder(r).Decode(&ps); err != nil {
+				err2 = err
+				return false
+			}
+
+			for k, v := range ps {
+				if _, ok := parameters[k]; !ok {
+					parameters[k] = v
+				}
+			}
+
+			return true
+		default:
+			return false
+		}
+	})
+
+	if err2 != nil {
+		return err2
 	}

 	if len(messages) > 0 {
-		fn(api.ProgressResponse{Status: "creating parameters layer"})
-
-		msgs := make([]api.Message, 0)
-
-		for _, m := range messages {
-			// todo: handle images
-			msg := strings.SplitN(m, ": ", 2)
-			msgs = append(msgs, api.Message{Role: msg[0], Content: msg[1]})
-		}
-
 		var b bytes.Buffer
-		if err := json.NewEncoder(&b).Encode(msgs); err != nil {
+		if err := json.NewEncoder(&b).Encode(messages); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

@@ -625,39 +506,25 @@ func CreateModel(ctx context.Context, name, modelFileDir, quantization string, m
 			return err
 		}

-		layers.Replace(layer)
-	}
-
-	if len(params) > 0 {
-		fn(api.ProgressResponse{Status: "creating parameters layer"})
-
-		formattedParams, err := api.FormatParams(params)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		for k, v := range fromParams {
-			if _, ok := formattedParams[k]; !ok {
-				formattedParams[k] = v
-			}
+		layers = append(layers, layer)
 	}

+	if len(parameters) > 0 {
 		var b bytes.Buffer
-		if err := json.NewEncoder(&b).Encode(formattedParams); err != nil {
+		if err := json.NewEncoder(&b).Encode(parameters); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

-		fn(api.ProgressResponse{Status: "creating config layer"})
 		layer, err := NewLayer(&b, "application/vnd.ollama.image.params")
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

-		layers.Replace(layer)
+		layers = append(layers, layer)
 	}

-	digests := make([]string, len(layers.items))
-	for i, layer := range layers.items {
+	digests := make([]string, len(layers))
+	for i, layer := range layers {
 		digests[i] = layer.Digest
 	}

@@ -668,36 +535,37 @@ func CreateModel(ctx context.Context, name, modelFileDir, quantization string, m
 		return err
 	}

-	configLayer, err := NewLayer(&b, "application/vnd.docker.container.image.v1+json")
+	layer, err := NewLayer(&b, "application/vnd.docker.container.image.v1+json")
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	delete(deleteMap, configLayer.Digest)
-
-	for _, layer := range append(layers.items, configLayer) {
-		committed, err := layer.Commit()
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
+	for _, layer := range append(layers, layer) {
+		if layer.status != "" {
+			fn(api.ProgressResponse{Status: layer.status})
+		}
 	}

-		status := "writing layer"
-		if !committed {
-			status = "using already created layer"
+	unref := make(map[string]struct{})
+	if manifest, _, err := GetManifest(ParseModelPath(name)); err == nil {
+		for _, layer := range manifest.Layers {
+			if !slices.Contains(digests, layer.Digest) {
+				unref[layer.Digest] = struct{}{}
+			}
 		}

-		fn(api.ProgressResponse{Status: fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", status, layer.Digest)})
-
-		delete(deleteMap, layer.Digest)
+		if manifest.Config.Digest != layer.Digest {
+			unref[manifest.Config.Digest] = struct{}{}
+		}
 	}

 	fn(api.ProgressResponse{Status: "writing manifest"})
-	if err := WriteManifest(name, configLayer, layers.items); err != nil {
+	if err := WriteManifest(name, layer, layers); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

 	if !envconfig.NoPrune {
-		if err := deleteUnusedLayers(nil, deleteMap, false); err != nil {
+		if err := deleteUnusedLayers(nil, unref, false); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -706,74 +574,6 @@ func CreateModel(ctx context.Context, name, modelFileDir, quantization string, m
 	return nil
 }

-func convertModel(name, path string, fn func(resp api.ProgressResponse)) (string, error) {
-	r, err := zip.OpenReader(path)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	defer r.Close()
-
-	tempDir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "ollama-convert")
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-	defer os.RemoveAll(tempDir)
-
-	fn(api.ProgressResponse{Status: "unpacking model metadata"})
-	for _, f := range r.File {
-		fpath := filepath.Join(tempDir, f.Name)
-		outFile, err := os.OpenFile(fpath, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, f.Mode())
-		if err != nil {
-			return "", err
-		}
-
-		rc, err := f.Open()
-		if err != nil {
-			return "", err
-		}
-
-		_, err = io.Copy(outFile, rc)
-		if err != nil {
-			return "", err
-		}
-
-		outFile.Close()
-		rc.Close()
-	}
-
-	mf, err := convert.GetModelFormat(tempDir)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	params, err := mf.GetParams(tempDir)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	mArch, err := mf.GetModelArch(name, tempDir, params)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	fn(api.ProgressResponse{Status: "processing tensors"})
-	if err := mArch.GetTensors(); err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	if err := mArch.LoadVocab(); err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	fn(api.ProgressResponse{Status: "converting model"})
-	path, err = mArch.WriteGGUF()
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	return path, nil
-}
-
 func CopyModel(src, dst model.Name) error {
 	if !dst.IsFullyQualified() {
 		return model.Unqualified(dst)
--- a/server/layers.go
+++ b/server/layers.go
@@ -5,39 +5,14 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
-	"strings"
-
-	"golang.org/x/exp/slices"
 )

-type Layers struct {
-	items []*Layer
-}
-
-func (ls *Layers) Add(layer *Layer) {
-	if layer.Size > 0 {
-		ls.items = append(ls.items, layer)
-	}
-}
-
-func (ls *Layers) Replace(layer *Layer) {
-	if layer.Size > 0 {
-		mediatype := layer.MediaType
-		layers := slices.DeleteFunc(ls.items, func(l *Layer) bool {
-			return l.MediaType == mediatype
-		})
-
-		ls.items = append(layers, layer)
-	}
-}
-
 type Layer struct {
 	MediaType string `json:"mediaType"`
 	Digest    string `json:"digest"`
 	Size      int64  `json:"size"`
 	From      string `json:"from,omitempty"`
-
-	tempFileName string
+	status    string
 }

 func NewLayer(r io.Reader, mediatype string) (*Layer, error) {
@@ -46,14 +21,12 @@ func NewLayer(r io.Reader, mediatype string) (*Layer, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	const delimiter = "-"
-
-	pattern := strings.Join([]string{"sha256", "*-partial"}, delimiter)
-	temp, err := os.CreateTemp(blobs, pattern)
+	temp, err := os.CreateTemp(blobs, "sha256-")
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	defer temp.Close()
+	defer os.Remove(temp.Name())

 	sha256sum := sha256.New()
 	n, err := io.Copy(io.MultiWriter(temp, sha256sum), r)
@@ -61,11 +34,29 @@ func NewLayer(r io.Reader, mediatype string) (*Layer, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}

+	if err := temp.Close(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	digest := fmt.Sprintf("sha256:%x", sha256sum.Sum(nil))
+	blob, err := GetBlobsPath(digest)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	status := "using existing layer"
+	if _, err := os.Stat(blob); err != nil {
+		status = "creating new layer"
+		if err := os.Rename(temp.Name(), blob); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
 	return &Layer{
 		MediaType: mediatype,
-		Digest:       fmt.Sprintf("sha256:%x", sha256sum.Sum(nil)),
+		Digest:    digest,
 		Size:      n,
-		tempFileName: temp.Name(),
+		status:    fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", status, digest),
 	}, nil
 }

@@ -85,21 +76,15 @@ func NewLayerFromLayer(digest, mediatype, from string) (*Layer, error) {
 		Digest:    digest,
 		Size:      fi.Size(),
 		From:      from,
+		status:    fmt.Sprintf("using existing layer %s", digest),
 	}, nil
 }

-func (l *Layer) Commit() (bool, error) {
-	// always remove temp
-	defer os.Remove(l.tempFileName)
-
+func (l *Layer) Open() (io.ReadCloser, error) {
 	blob, err := GetBlobsPath(l.Digest)
 	if err != nil {
-		return false, err
+		return nil, err
 	}

-	if _, err := os.Stat(blob); err != nil {
-		return true, os.Rename(l.tempFileName, blob)
-	}
-
-	return false, nil
+	return os.Open(blob)
 }
--- a/server/manifest.go
+++ b/server/manifest.go
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+package server
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/types/model"
+)
+
+type Manifest struct {
+	ManifestV2
+	Digest string `json:"-"`
+}
+
+func (m *Manifest) Size() (size int64) {
+	for _, layer := range append(m.Layers, m.Config) {
+		size += layer.Size
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+func ParseNamedManifest(name model.Name) (*Manifest, error) {
+	if !name.IsFullyQualified() {
+		return nil, model.Unqualified(name)
+	}
+
+	manifests, err := GetManifestPath()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var manifest ManifestV2
+	manifestfile, err := os.Open(filepath.Join(manifests, name.Filepath()))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	sha256sum := sha256.New()
+	if err := json.NewDecoder(io.TeeReader(manifestfile, sha256sum)).Decode(&manifest); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &Manifest{
+		ManifestV2: manifest,
+		Digest:     fmt.Sprintf("%x", sha256sum.Sum(nil)),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func WriteManifest(name string, config *Layer, layers []*Layer) error {
+	manifest := ManifestV2{
+		SchemaVersion: 2,
+		MediaType:     "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
+		Config:        config,
+		Layers:        layers,
+	}
+
+	var b bytes.Buffer
+	if err := json.NewEncoder(&b).Encode(manifest); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	modelpath := ParseModelPath(name)
+	manifestPath, err := modelpath.GetManifestPath()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(manifestPath), 0o755); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return os.WriteFile(manifestPath, b.Bytes(), 0o644)
+}
--- a/server/manifests.go
+++ b/server/manifests.go
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-package server
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-)
-
-func WriteManifest(name string, config *Layer, layers []*Layer) error {
-	manifest := ManifestV2{
-		SchemaVersion: 2,
-		MediaType:     "application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.v2+json",
-		Config:        config,
-		Layers:        layers,
-	}
-
-	var b bytes.Buffer
-	if err := json.NewEncoder(&b).Encode(manifest); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	modelpath := ParseModelPath(name)
-	manifestPath, err := modelpath.GetManifestPath()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(manifestPath), 0o755); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return os.WriteFile(manifestPath, b.Bytes(), 0o644)
-}
--- a/server/model.go
+++ b/server/model.go
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+package server
+
+import (
+	"archive/zip"
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/api"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/convert"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/llm"
+	"github.com/ollama/ollama/types/model"
+)
+
+type layerWithGGML struct {
+	*Layer
+	*llm.GGML
+}
+
+func parseFromModel(ctx context.Context, name model.Name, fn func(api.ProgressResponse)) (layers []*layerWithGGML, err error) {
+	modelpath := ParseModelPath(name.String())
+	manifest, _, err := GetManifest(modelpath)
+	switch {
+	case errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist):
+		if err := PullModel(ctx, name.String(), &registryOptions{}, fn); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		modelpath = ParseModelPath(name.String())
+		manifest, _, err = GetManifest(modelpath)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	case err != nil:
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	for _, layer := range manifest.Layers {
+		layer, err := NewLayerFromLayer(layer.Digest, layer.MediaType, modelpath.GetShortTagname())
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		switch layer.MediaType {
+		case "application/vnd.ollama.image.model",
+			"application/vnd.ollama.image.projector",
+			"application/vnd.ollama.image.adapter":
+			blobpath, err := GetBlobsPath(layer.Digest)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+
+			blob, err := os.Open(blobpath)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			defer blob.Close()
+
+			ggml, _, err := llm.DecodeGGML(blob)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+
+			layers = append(layers, &layerWithGGML{layer, ggml})
+		default:
+			layers = append(layers, &layerWithGGML{layer, nil})
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	return layers, nil
+}
+
+func parseFromZipFile(_ context.Context, file *os.File, fn func(api.ProgressResponse)) (layers []*layerWithGGML, err error) {
+	stat, err := file.Stat()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	r, err := zip.NewReader(file, stat.Size())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	tempdir, err := os.MkdirTemp(filepath.Dir(file.Name()), "")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer os.RemoveAll(tempdir)
+
+	fn(api.ProgressResponse{Status: "unpacking model metadata"})
+	for _, f := range r.File {
+		// TODO(mxyng): this should not write out all files to disk
+		outfile, err := os.Create(filepath.Join(tempdir, f.Name))
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		defer outfile.Close()
+
+		infile, err := f.Open()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		defer infile.Close()
+
+		if _, err = io.Copy(outfile, infile); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		if err := outfile.Close(); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		if err := infile.Close(); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	mf, err := convert.GetModelFormat(tempdir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	params, err := mf.GetParams(tempdir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	mArch, err := mf.GetModelArch("", tempdir, params)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	fn(api.ProgressResponse{Status: "processing tensors"})
+	if err := mArch.GetTensors(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if err := mArch.LoadVocab(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	fn(api.ProgressResponse{Status: "converting model"})
+
+	// TODO(mxyng): this should write directly into a layer
+	// e.g. NewLayer(arch.Reader(), "application/vnd.ollama.image.model")
+	temp, err := os.CreateTemp(tempdir, "fp16")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer temp.Close()
+	defer os.Remove(temp.Name())
+
+	if err = mArch.WriteGGUF(temp); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if _, err := temp.Seek(0, io.SeekStart); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	layer, err := NewLayer(temp, "application/vnd.ollama.image.model")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("aaa: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	blobpath, err := GetBlobsPath(layer.Digest)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	bin, err := os.Open(blobpath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer bin.Close()
+
+	ggml, _, err := llm.DecodeGGML(bin)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	layer, err = NewLayerFromLayer(layer.Digest, layer.MediaType, "")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	layers = append(layers, &layerWithGGML{layer, ggml})
+	return layers, nil
+}
+
+func parseFromFile(ctx context.Context, file *os.File, fn func(api.ProgressResponse)) (layers []*layerWithGGML, err error) {
+	sr := io.NewSectionReader(file, 0, 512)
+	contentType, err := detectContentType(sr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	switch contentType {
+	case "gguf", "ggla":
+		// noop
+	case "application/zip":
+		return parseFromZipFile(ctx, file, fn)
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported content type: %s", contentType)
+	}
+
+	stat, err := file.Stat()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var offset int64
+	for offset < stat.Size() {
+		ggml, n, err := llm.DecodeGGML(file)
+		if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+			break
+		} else if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		mediatype := "application/vnd.ollama.image.model"
+		if ggml.Name() == "ggla" {
+			mediatype = "application/vnd.ollama.image.adapter"
+		} else if ggml.KV().Architecture() == "clip" {
+			mediatype = "application/vnd.ollama.image.projector"
+		}
+
+		layer, err := NewLayer(io.NewSectionReader(file, offset, n), mediatype)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		layers = append(layers, &layerWithGGML{layer, ggml})
+		offset = n
+	}
+
+	return layers, nil
+}
+
+func detectContentType(r io.Reader) (string, error) {
+	var b bytes.Buffer
+	if _, err := io.Copy(&b, r); err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	if contentType := llm.DetectGGMLType(b.Bytes()); contentType != "" {
+		return contentType, nil
+	}
+
+	if contentType := http.DetectContentType(b.Bytes()); contentType != "application/octet-stream" {
+		return contentType, nil
+	}
+
+	return "unknown", nil
+}
--- a/server/routes.go
+++ b/server/routes.go
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ func (s *Server) CreateModelHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(c.Request.Context())
 		defer cancel()

-		if err := CreateModel(ctx, name.String(), filepath.Dir(req.Path), req.Quantization, modelfile, fn); err != nil {
+		if err := CreateModel(ctx, name.String(), filepath.Dir(req.Path), strings.ToUpper(req.Quantization), modelfile, fn); err != nil {
 			ch <- gin.H{"error": err.Error()}
 		}
 	}()
@@ -719,62 +719,71 @@ func GetModelInfo(req api.ShowRequest) (*api.ShowResponse, error) {
 }

 func (s *Server) ListModelsHandler(c *gin.Context) {
-	models := make([]api.ModelResponse, 0)
-	manifestsPath, err := GetManifestPath()
+	manifests, err := GetManifestPath()
 	if err != nil {
 		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
 		return
 	}

-	modelResponse := func(modelName string) (api.ModelResponse, error) {
-		model, err := GetModel(modelName)
-		if err != nil {
-			return api.ModelResponse{}, err
-		}
-
-		modelDetails := api.ModelDetails{
-			Format:            model.Config.ModelFormat,
-			Family:            model.Config.ModelFamily,
-			Families:          model.Config.ModelFamilies,
-			ParameterSize:     model.Config.ModelType,
-			QuantizationLevel: model.Config.FileType,
-		}
-
-		return api.ModelResponse{
-			Model:   model.ShortName,
-			Name:    model.ShortName,
-			Size:    model.Size,
-			Digest:  model.Digest,
-			Details: modelDetails,
-		}, nil
-	}
-
-	walkFunc := func(path string, info os.FileInfo, _ error) error {
+	var models []api.ModelResponse
+	if err := filepath.Walk(manifests, func(path string, info os.FileInfo, _ error) error {
 		if !info.IsDir() {
-			path, tag := filepath.Split(path)
-			model := strings.Trim(strings.TrimPrefix(path, manifestsPath), string(os.PathSeparator))
-			modelPath := strings.Join([]string{model, tag}, ":")
-			canonicalModelPath := strings.ReplaceAll(modelPath, string(os.PathSeparator), "/")
-
-			resp, err := modelResponse(canonicalModelPath)
+			rel, err := filepath.Rel(manifests, path)
 			if err != nil {
-				slog.Info(fmt.Sprintf("skipping file: %s", canonicalModelPath))
-				// nolint: nilerr
+				return err
+			}
+
+			if hidden, err := filepath.Match(".*", filepath.Base(rel)); err != nil {
+				return err
+			} else if hidden {
 				return nil
 			}

-			resp.ModifiedAt = info.ModTime()
-			models = append(models, resp)
+			n := model.ParseNameFromFilepath(rel)
+			m, err := ParseNamedManifest(n)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			f, err := m.Config.Open()
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			defer f.Close()
+
+			var c ConfigV2
+			if err := json.NewDecoder(f).Decode(&c); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			// tag should never be masked
+			models = append(models, api.ModelResponse{
+				Model:      n.DisplayShortest(),
+				Name:       n.DisplayShortest(),
+				Size:       m.Size(),
+				Digest:     m.Digest,
+				ModifiedAt: info.ModTime(),
+				Details: api.ModelDetails{
+					Format:            c.ModelFormat,
+					Family:            c.ModelFamily,
+					Families:          c.ModelFamilies,
+					ParameterSize:     c.ModelType,
+					QuantizationLevel: c.FileType,
+				},
+			})
 		}

 		return nil
-	}
-
-	if err := filepath.Walk(manifestsPath, walkFunc); err != nil {
+	}); err != nil {
 		c.JSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
 		return
 	}

+	slices.SortStableFunc(models, func(i, j api.ModelResponse) int {
+		// most recently modified first
+		return cmp.Compare(j.ModifiedAt.Unix(), i.ModifiedAt.Unix())
+	})
+
 	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, api.ListResponse{Models: models})
 }

@@ -796,7 +805,7 @@ func (s *Server) CopyModelHandler(c *gin.Context) {

 	dst := model.ParseName(r.Destination)
 	if !dst.IsValid() {
-		c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("destination %q is invalid", r.Source)})
+		c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": fmt.Sprintf("destination %q is invalid", r.Destination)})
 		return
 	}

@@ -852,11 +861,6 @@ func (s *Server) CreateBlobHandler(c *gin.Context) {
 		return
 	}

-	if _, err := layer.Commit(); err != nil {
-		c.AbortWithStatusJSON(http.StatusInternalServerError, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
-		return
-	}
-
 	c.Status(http.StatusCreated)
 }

--- a/server/routes_test.go
+++ b/server/routes_test.go
@@ -124,14 +124,12 @@ func Test_Routes(t *testing.T) {
 			Method: http.MethodPost,
 			Path:   "/api/create",
 			Setup: func(t *testing.T, req *http.Request) {
-				f, err := os.CreateTemp(t.TempDir(), "ollama-model")
-				assert.Nil(t, err)
-				defer f.Close()
+				fname := createTestFile(t, "ollama-model")

 				stream := false
 				createReq := api.CreateRequest{
 					Name:      "t-bone",
-					Modelfile: fmt.Sprintf("FROM %s", f.Name()),
+					Modelfile: fmt.Sprintf("FROM %s", fname),
 					Stream:    &stream,
 				}
 				jsonData, err := json.Marshal(createReq)
@@ -216,13 +214,10 @@ func Test_Routes(t *testing.T) {
 	httpSrv := httptest.NewServer(router)
 	t.Cleanup(httpSrv.Close)

-	workDir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "ollama-test")
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
-	defer os.RemoveAll(workDir)
-	os.Setenv("OLLAMA_MODELS", workDir)
+	t.Setenv("OLLAMA_MODELS", t.TempDir())

 	for _, tc := range testCases {
-		t.Logf("Running Test: [%s]", tc.Name)
+		t.Run(tc.Name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			u := httpSrv.URL + tc.Path
 			req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(context.TODO(), tc.Method, u, nil)
 			assert.Nil(t, err)
@@ -238,5 +233,6 @@ func Test_Routes(t *testing.T) {
 			if tc.Expected != nil {
 				tc.Expected(t, resp)
 			}
+		})
 	}
 }
--- a/types/model/file.go
+++ b/types/model/file.go
@@ -249,10 +249,6 @@ func quote(s string) string {
 }

 func unquote(s string) (string, bool) {
-	if len(s) == 0 {
-		return "", false
-	}
-
 	// TODO: single quotes
 	if len(s) >= 3 && s[:3] == `"""` {
 		if len(s) >= 6 && s[len(s)-3:] == `"""` {
--- a/types/model/file_test.go
+++ b/types/model/file_test.go
@@ -489,6 +489,10 @@ You are a store greeter. Always responsed with "Hello!".
 """
 MESSAGE user Hey there!
 MESSAGE assistant Hello, I want to parse all the things!
+`,
+		`
+FROM foo
+SYSTEM ""
 `,
 	}

--- a/types/model/name.go
+++ b/types/model/name.go
@@ -35,6 +35,12 @@ func Unqualified(n Name) error {
 // spot in logs.
 const MissingPart = "!MISSING!"

+const (
+	defaultHost      = "registry.ollama.ai"
+	defaultNamespace = "library"
+	defaultTag       = "latest"
+)
+
 // DefaultName returns a name with the default values for the host, namespace,
 // and tag parts. The model and digest parts are empty.
 //
@@ -43,9 +49,9 @@ const MissingPart = "!MISSING!"
 //   - The default tag is ("latest")
 func DefaultName() Name {
 	return Name{
-		Host:      "registry.ollama.ai",
-		Namespace: "library",
-		Tag:       "latest",
+		Host:      defaultHost,
+		Namespace: defaultNamespace,
+		Tag:       defaultTag,
 	}
 }

@@ -169,6 +175,27 @@ func ParseNameBare(s string) Name {
 	return n
 }

+// ParseNameFromFilepath parses a 4-part filepath as a Name. The parts are
+// expected to be in the form:
+//
+// { host } "/" { namespace } "/" { model } "/" { tag }
+func ParseNameFromFilepath(s string) (n Name) {
+	parts := strings.Split(s, string(filepath.Separator))
+	if len(parts) != 4 {
+		return Name{}
+	}
+
+	n.Host = parts[0]
+	n.Namespace = parts[1]
+	n.Model = parts[2]
+	n.Tag = parts[3]
+	if !n.IsFullyQualified() {
+		return Name{}
+	}
+
+	return n
+}
+
 // Merge merges the host, namespace, and tag parts of the two names,
 // preferring the non-empty parts of a.
 func Merge(a, b Name) Name {
@@ -203,6 +230,27 @@ func (n Name) String() string {
 	return b.String()
 }

+// DisplayShort returns a short string version of the name.
+func (n Name) DisplayShortest() string {
+	var sb strings.Builder
+
+	if n.Host != defaultHost {
+		sb.WriteString(n.Host)
+		sb.WriteByte('/')
+		sb.WriteString(n.Namespace)
+		sb.WriteByte('/')
+	} else if n.Namespace != defaultNamespace {
+		sb.WriteString(n.Namespace)
+		sb.WriteByte('/')
+	}
+
+	// always include model and tag
+	sb.WriteString(n.Model)
+	sb.WriteString(":")
+	sb.WriteString(n.Tag)
+	return sb.String()
+}
+
 // IsValid reports whether all parts of the name are present and valid. The
 // digest is a special case, and is checked for validity only if present.
 func (n Name) IsValid() bool {
--- a/types/model/name_test.go
+++ b/types/model/name_test.go
@@ -309,6 +309,49 @@ func TestParseDigest(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

+func TestParseNameFromFilepath(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := map[string]Name{
+		filepath.Join("host", "namespace", "model", "tag"):      {Host: "host", Namespace: "namespace", Model: "model", Tag: "tag"},
+		filepath.Join("host:port", "namespace", "model", "tag"): {Host: "host:port", Namespace: "namespace", Model: "model", Tag: "tag"},
+		filepath.Join("namespace", "model", "tag"):              {},
+		filepath.Join("model", "tag"):                           {},
+		filepath.Join("model"):                                  {},
+		filepath.Join("..", "..", "model", "tag"):               {},
+		filepath.Join("", "namespace", ".", "tag"):              {},
+		filepath.Join(".", ".", ".", "."):                       {},
+		filepath.Join("/", "path", "to", "random", "file"):      {},
+	}
+
+	for in, want := range cases {
+		t.Run(in, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := ParseNameFromFilepath(in)
+
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(got, want) {
+				t.Errorf("parseNameFromFilepath(%q) = %v; want %v", in, got, want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDisplayShortest(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := map[string]string{
+		"registry.ollama.ai/library/model:latest": "model:latest",
+		"registry.ollama.ai/library/model:tag":    "model:tag",
+		"registry.ollama.ai/namespace/model:tag":  "namespace/model:tag",
+		"host/namespace/model:tag":                "host/namespace/model:tag",
+		"host/library/model:tag":                  "host/library/model:tag",
+	}
+
+	for in, want := range cases {
+		t.Run(in, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := ParseNameBare(in).DisplayShortest()
+			if got != want {
+				t.Errorf("parseName(%q).DisplayShortest() = %q; want %q", in, got, want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func FuzzName(f *testing.F) {
 	for s := range testCases {
 		f.Add(s)